tinycss2¶

tinycss2 is a low-level CSS parser and generator: it can parse strings, return Python objects representing tokens and blocks, and generate CSS strings corresponding to these objects.

Based on the CSS Syntax Level 3 specification, tinycss2 knows the grammar of CSS but doesn’t know specific rules, properties or values supported in various CSS modules.

BSD licensed
For Python 3.5+ (tested on CPython and Pypy3)
Latest documentation: http://tinycss2.readthedocs.io/
Source code and issue tracker: https://github.com/Kozea/tinycss2
PyPI releases: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tinycss2/

Installation¶

Installing tinycss2 with pip should Just Work:

pip install tinycss2

This will also automatically install tinycss2’s only dependency, webencodings. tinycss2 and webencodings both only contain Python code and should work on any Python implementation, although they’re only tested on CPython.

Parsing¶

tinycss2 is “low-level” in that it doesn’t parse all of CSS: it doesn’t know about the syntax of any specific properties or at-rules. Instead, it provides a set of functions that can be composed to support exactly the parts of CSS you’re interested in, including new or non-standard rules or properties, without modifying tinycss or having a complex hook/plugin system.

In many cases, parts of the parsed values (such as the content of a AtRule) is given as component values that can be parsed further with other functions.

tinycss2.parse_stylesheet_bytes(css_bytes, protocol_encoding=None, environment_encoding=None, skip_comments=False, skip_whitespace=False)¶

Parse stylesheet from bytes, determining the character encoding as web browsers do.

This is used when reading a file or fetching an URL. The character encoding is determined from the initial bytes (a BOM or an @charset rule) as well as the parameters. The ultimate fallback is UTF-8.

Parameters

css_bytes – A byte string.
protocol_encoding – A string. The encoding label, if any, defined by HTTP or equivalent protocol. (e.g. via the charset parameter of the Content-Type header.)
environment_encoding – A webencodings.Encoding object for the environment encoding, if any.
skip_comments – Ignore CSS comments at the top-level of the stylesheet. If the input is a string, ignore all comments.
skip_whitespace – Ignore whitespace at the top-level of the stylesheet. Whitespace is still preserved in the prelude and the content of rules.

Returns

A (rules, encoding) tuple.

rules is a list of QualifiedRule, AtRule, Comment (if skip_comments is false), WhitespaceToken (if skip_whitespace is false), and ParseError objects.
encoding is the webencodings.Encoding object that was used. If rules contains an @import rule, this is the environment encoding for the imported stylesheet.

response = urlopen('http://example.net/foo.css')
rules, encoding = parse_stylesheet_bytes(
    css_bytes=response.read(),
    # Python 3.x
    protocol_encoding=response.info().get_content_type().get_param('charset'),
    # Python 2.x
    protocol_encoding=response.info().gettype().getparam('charset'),
)
for rule in rules:
    ...

tinycss2.parse_stylesheet(input, skip_comments=False, skip_whitespace=False)¶

Parse stylesheet from text.

This is used e.g. for a <style> HTML element.

This differs from parse_rule_list() in that top-level  tokens are ignored. This is a legacy quirk for the <style> HTML element.

Parameters

input – A string or an iterable of component values.
skip_comments – Ignore CSS comments at the top-level of the stylesheet. If the input is a string, ignore all comments.
skip_whitespace – Ignore whitespace at the top-level of the stylesheet. Whitespace is still preserved in the prelude and the content of rules.

Returns

A list of QualifiedRule, AtRule, Comment (if skip_comments is false), WhitespaceToken (if skip_whitespace is false), and ParseError objects.

tinycss2.parse_rule_list(input, skip_comments=False, skip_whitespace=False)¶

Parse a non-top-level rule list.

This is used for parsing the content of nested rules like @media. This differs from parse_stylesheet() in that top-level  tokens are not ignored.

Parameters

input – A string or an iterable of component values.
skip_comments – Ignore CSS comments at the top-level of the list. If the input is a string, ignore all comments.
skip_whitespace – Ignore whitespace at the top-level of the list. Whitespace is still preserved in the prelude and the content of rules.

Returns

A list of QualifiedRule, AtRule, Comment (if skip_comments is false), WhitespaceToken (if skip_whitespace is false), and ParseError objects.

tinycss2.parse_one_rule(input, skip_comments=False)¶

Parse a single qualified rule or at-rule.

This would be used e.g. by insertRule() in an implementation of CSSOM.

Parameters

input – A string or an iterable of component values.
skip_comments – If the input is a string, ignore all CSS comments.

Returns

A QualifiedRule, AtRule, or ParseError objects.

Any whitespace or comment before or after the rule is dropped.

tinycss2.parse_declaration_list(input, skip_comments=False, skip_whitespace=False)¶

Parse a declaration list (which may also contain at-rules).

This is used e.g. for the content of a style rule or @page rule, or for the style attribute of an HTML element.

In contexts that don’t expect any at-rule, all AtRule objects should simply be rejected as invalid.

Parameters

input – A string or an iterable of component values.
skip_comments – Ignore CSS comments at the top-level of the list. If the input is a string, ignore all comments.
skip_whitespace – Ignore whitespace at the top-level of the list. Whitespace is still preserved in the value of declarations and the prelude and content of at-rules.

Returns

A list of Declaration, AtRule, Comment (if skip_comments is false), WhitespaceToken (if skip_whitespace is false), and ParseError objects

tinycss2.parse_one_declaration(input, skip_comments=False)¶

Parse a single declaration.

This is used e.g. for a declaration in an @supports test.

Parameters

input – A string, or an iterable of component values.
skip_comments – If the input is a string, ignore all CSS comments.

Returns

A Declaration or ParseError.

Any whitespace or comment before the : colon is dropped.

tinycss2.parse_component_value_list(css, skip_comments=False)¶

Parse a list of component values.

Parameters

css – A string.
skip_comments – Ignore CSS comments. The return values (and recursively its blocks and functions) will not contain any Comment object.

Returns

A list of component values.

tinycss2.parse_one_component_value(input, skip_comments=False)¶

Parse a single component value.

This is used e.g. for an attribute value referred to by attr(foo length).

Parameters

input – A string, or an iterable of component values.
skip_comments – If the input is a string, ignore all CSS comments.

Returns

A component value (that is neither whitespace or comment), or a ParseError.

Serialization¶

In addition to each node’s a serialize() method, some serialization-related functions are available:

tinycss2.serialize(nodes)¶

Serialize nodes to CSS syntax.

This should be used for component values instead of just serialize() on each node as it takes care of corner cases such as ; between declarations, and consecutive identifiers that would otherwise parse back as the same token.

Parameters: nodes – an iterable of Node objects
Returns: an Unicode string

tinycss2.serialize_identifier(value)¶

Serialize any string as a CSS identifier

Parameters: value – a string
Returns: an Unicode string that would parse as an IdentToken whose value attribute equals the passed value argument.

Color¶

tinycss2.color3.parse_color(input)¶

Parse a color value as defined in CSS Color Level 3.

Parameters

input – A string, or a single component value.

Returns

None if the input is not a valid color value. (No exception is raised.)
The string 'currentColor' for the currentColor keyword
Or a RGBA object for every other values (including keywords, HSL and HSLA.) The alpha channel is clipped to [0, 1] but red, green, or blue can be out of range (eg. rgb(-10%, 120%, 0%) is represented as (-0.1, 1.2, 0, 1).)

class tinycss2.color3.RGBA(red, green, blue, alpha)¶

An RGBA color.

A tuple of four floats in the 0..1 range: (red, green, blue, alpha).

red¶: Convenience access to the red channel. Same as rgba[0].

green¶: Convenience access to the green channel. Same as rgba[1].

blue¶: Convenience access to the blue channel. Same as rgba[2].

alpha¶: Convenience access to the alpha channel. Same as rgba[3].

<An+B>¶

tinycss2.nth.parse_nth(input)¶

Parse <An+B>, as found in :nth-child() and related Selector pseudo-classes.

Although tinycss2 does not include a full Selector parser, this bit of syntax is included as it is particularly tricky to define on top of a CSS tokenizer.

Parameters: input – A string, or an iterable yielding component values (eg. the arguments of a functional pseudo-class.)
Returns: A (a, b) tuple of integers, or None if the input is invalid.

AST nodes¶

Various parsing functions return a node or a list of nodes. Some types of nodes contain nested nodes which may in turn contain more nodes, forming together an abstract syntax tree.

Although you typically don’t need to import it, the tinycss2.ast module defines a class for every type of node.

class tinycss2.ast.Node¶

Every node type inherits from this class, which is never instantiated directly.

type¶

Each child class has a type class attribute with an unique string value. This allows checking for the node type with code like:

if node.type == 'whitespace':

instead of the more verbose:

from tinycss2.ast import WhitespaceToken
if isinstance(node, WhitespaceToken):

Every node also has these attributes and methods, which are not repeated for brevity:

source_line¶: The line number of the start of the node in the CSS source. Starts at 1.

source_column¶: The column number within source_line of the start of the node in the CSS source. Starts at 1.

serialize()¶: Serialize this node to CSS syntax and return an Unicode string.

class tinycss2.ast.QualifiedRule¶

A qualified rule.

<prelude> '{' <content> '}'

The interpretation of qualified rules depend on their context. At the top-level of a stylesheet or in a conditional rule such as @media, they are style rules where the prelude is Selectors list and the content is a list of property declarations.

type = 'qualified-rule'¶

prelude¶: The rule’s prelude, the part before the {} block, as a list of component values.

content¶: The rule’s content, the part inside the {} block, as a list of component values.

class tinycss2.ast.AtRule¶

An at-rule.

@<at_keyword> <prelude> '{' <content> '}'
@<at_keyword> <prelude> ';'

The interpretation of at-rules depend on their at-keyword as well as their context. Most types of at-rules (ie. at-keyword values) are only allowed in some context, and must either end with a {} block or a semicolon.

type = 'at-rule'¶

at_keyword¶: The unescaped value of the rule’s at-keyword, without the @ symbol, as an Unicode string.

lower_at_keyword¶

Same as at_keyword but normalized to ASCII lower case, see ascii_lower(). This is the value to use when comparing to a CSS at-keyword.

if node.type == 'at-rule' and node.lower_at_keyword == 'import':

prelude¶: The rule’s prelude, the part before the {} block or semicolon, as a list of component values.

content¶: The rule’s content, if any. The block’s content as a list of component values for at-rules with a {} block, or None for at-rules ending with a semicolon.

class tinycss2.ast.Declaration¶

A (property or descriptor) declaration.

<name> ':' <value>
<name> ':' <value> '!important'

type = 'declaration'¶

name¶: The unescaped name, as an Unicode string.

type = 'declaration'¶

lower_name¶

Same as name but normalized to ASCII lower case, see ascii_lower(). This is the value to use when comparing to a CSS property or descriptor name.

if node.type == 'declaration' and node.lower_name == 'color':

value¶: The declaration value as a list of component values: anything between : and the end of the declaration, or !important.

important¶: A boolean, true if the declaration had an !important marker. It is up to the consumer to reject declarations that do not accept this flag, such as non-property descriptor declarations.

Component values¶

class tinycss2.ast.ParseError¶

A syntax error of some sort. May occur anywhere in the tree.

Syntax errors are not fatal in the parser to allow for different error handling behaviors. For example, an error in a Selector list makes the whole rule invalid, but an error in a Media Query list only replaces one comma-separated query with not all.

type = 'error'¶

kind¶: Machine-readable string indicating the type of error. Example: 'bad-url'.

message¶: Human-readable explanation of the error, as a string. Could be translated, expanded to include details, etc.

class tinycss2.ast.Comment¶

A CSS comment.

'/*' <value> '*/'

Comments can be ignored by passing skip_comments=True to functions such as parse_component_value_list().

type = 'comment'¶

value¶: The content of the comment, between /* and */, as a string.

class tinycss2.ast.WhitespaceToken¶

A <whitespace-token>.

type = 'whitespace'¶

value¶: The whitespace sequence, as a string, as in the original CSS source.

class tinycss2.ast.LiteralToken¶

Token that represents one or more characters as in the CSS source.

type = 'literal'¶

value¶: A string of one to four characters.

Instances compare equal to their value, so that these are equivalent:

if node == ';':
if node.type == 'literal' and node.value == ';':

This regroups what the specification defines as separate token types:

<colon-token> :
<semicolon-token> ;
<comma-token> ,
<cdc-token> -->
<cdo-token> <!--
<include-match-token> ~=
<dash-match-token> |=
<prefix-match-token> ^=
<suffix-match-token> $=
<substring-match-token> *=
<column-token> ||
<delim-token> (a single ASCII character not part of any another token)

class tinycss2.ast.IdentToken¶

An <ident-token>.

type = 'ident'¶

value¶: The unescaped value, as an Unicode string.

lower_value¶: Same as value but normalized to ASCII lower case, see ascii_lower(). This is the value to use when comparing to a CSS keyword.

class tinycss2.ast.AtKeywordToken¶

An <at-keyword-token>.

'@' <value>

type = 'at-keyword'¶

value¶: The unescaped value, as an Unicode string, without the preceding @.

lower_value¶

Same as value but normalized to ASCII lower case, see ascii_lower(). This is the value to use when comparing to a CSS at-keyword.

if node.type == 'at-keyword' and node.lower_value == 'import':

class tinycss2.ast.HashToken¶

A <hash-token>.

'#' <value>

type = 'hash'¶

value¶: The unescaped value, as an Unicode string, without the preceding #.

is_identifier¶: A boolean, true if the CSS source for this token was # followed by a valid identifier. (Only such hash tokens are valid ID selectors.)

class tinycss2.ast.StringToken¶

A <string-token>.

'"' <value> '"'

type = 'string'¶

value¶: The unescaped value, as an Unicode string, without the quotes.

class tinycss2.ast.URLToken¶

An <url-token>.

'url("' <value> '")'

type = 'url'¶

value¶: The unescaped URL, as an Unicode string, without the url( and ) markers or the optional quotes.

class tinycss2.ast.UnicodeRangeToken¶

An <unicode-range-token>.

type = 'unicode-range'¶

start¶: The start of the range, as an integer between 0 and 1114111.

end¶: The end of the range, as an integer between 0 and 1114111. Same as start if the source only specified one value.

class tinycss2.ast.NumberToken¶

A <numer-token>.

type = 'number'¶

value¶: The numeric value as a float.

int_value¶: The numeric value as an int if is_integer is true, None otherwise.

is_integer¶: Whether the token was syntactically an integer, as a boolean.

representation¶: The CSS representation of the value, as an Unicode string.

class tinycss2.ast.PercentageToken¶

A <percentage-token>.

<representation> '%'

type = 'percentage'¶

value¶: The value numeric as a float.

int_value¶: The numeric value as an int if the token was syntactically an integer, or None.

is_integer¶: Whether the token’s value was syntactically an integer, as a boolean.

representation¶: The CSS representation of the value without the unit, as an Unicode string.

class tinycss2.ast.DimensionToken¶

A <dimension-token>.

<representation> <unit>

type = 'dimension'¶

value¶: The value numeric as a float.

int_value¶: The numeric value as an int if the token was syntactically an integer, or None.

is_integer¶: Whether the token’s value was syntactically an integer, as a boolean.

representation¶: The CSS representation of the value without the unit, as an Unicode string.

unit¶: The unescaped unit, as an Unicode string.

lower_unit¶

Same as unit but normalized to ASCII lower case, see ascii_lower(). This is the value to use when comparing to a CSS unit.

if node.type == 'dimension' and node.lower_unit == 'px':

class tinycss2.ast.ParenthesesBlock¶

A <()-block>.

'(' <content> ')'

type = '() block'¶

content¶: The content of the block, as list of component values. The ( and ) markers themselves are not represented in the list.

class tinycss2.ast.SquareBracketsBlock¶

A <[]-block>.

'[' <content> ']'

type = '[] block'¶

content¶: The content of the block, as list of component values. The [ and ] markers themselves are not represented in the list.

class tinycss2.ast.CurlyBracketsBlock¶

A <{}-block>.

'{' <content> '}'

type = '{} block'¶

content¶: The content of the block, as list of component values. The [ and ] markers themselves are not represented in the list.

class tinycss2.ast.FunctionBlock¶

A <function-block>.

<name> '(' <arguments> ')'

type = 'function'¶

name¶: The unescaped name of the function, as an Unicode string.

lower_name¶: Same as name but normalized to ASCII lower case, see ascii_lower(). This is the value to use when comparing to a CSS function name.

arguments¶: The arguments of the function, as list of component values. The ( and ) markers themselves are not represented in the list. Commas are not special, but represented as LiteralToken objects in the list.

Glossary¶

Component value
Component values: A ParseError, WhitespaceToken, LiteralToken, IdentToken, AtKeywordToken, HashToken, StringToken, URLToken, NumberToken, PercentageToken, DimensionToken, UnicodeRangeToken, ParenthesesBlock, SquareBracketsBlock, CurlyBracketsBlock, FunctionBlock, or Comment object.

tinycss2 changelog¶

Version 1.0.2¶

Released on 2019-03-21.

Don’t crash when indent tokens have no lowercase equivalent name

Version 1.0.1¶

Released on 2019-03-06.

Fix tests launched by CI
Parse “–” ident tokens correctly

Version 1.0.0¶

Released on 2019-03-04.

Drop Python 2.7, 3.3 and 3.4 support.
Allow leading double dash syntax for ident tokens, allowing CSS variables to be parsed correctly.
Test with PyPy3.
Force tests to parse JSON files as UTF-8.
Clean packaging.

Version 0.6.1¶

Released on 2017-10-02.

Update documentation.

Version 0.6.0¶

Released on 2017-08-16.

Don’t allow identifiers starting with two dashes.
Don’t use Tox for tests.
Follow semantic versioning.

Version 0.5¶

Released on 2014-08-19.

Update for spec changes.
Add a value attribute to WhitespaceToken.
Breaking change: CSS comments are now preserved as Comment objects by default. Pass skip_comments=True to parsing functions to get the old behavior.
Breaking change: Top-level comments and whitespace are now preserved when parsing a stylesheet, rule list, or declaration list. Pass skip_comments=True and skip_whitespace=True to get the old behavior.
Test on Python 3.4 and PyPy3.
Set up continous integration on Travis-CI.

Version 0.4¶

Released on 2014-01-04.

Fix HashToken starting with a non-ASCII character.
Fix repr() on AST nodes.

Version 0.3¶

Released on 2013-12-27.

Document all the things!
Add Serialization
Merge tinycss2.color3.parse_color_string() behavior into parse_color().
Fix and test parsing form bytes and tokenization of <unicode-range>.

Version 0.2¶

Released on 2013-09-02.

Add parsing for <An+B>, as in :nth-child() and related Selectors pseudo-classes.

Version 0.1¶

Released on 2013-08-31.

First PyPI release. Contains:

Decoding from bytes (@charset, etc.)
Tokenization
Parsing for “generic” rules and declarations
Parsing for CSS Color Level 3
Tests for all of the above, except for decoding from bytes.